Corrosion is a ubiquitous and damaging phenomenon that affects a wide range of materials. To mitigate this issue, protective coatings are widely employed to safeguard surfaces from the detrimental effects of environmental factors. These coatings act as a barrier, preventing contact between the su

The performance of materials is often assessed by their resistance to chemical attack and their ability to act as barriers. Substrate resistance refers to the ability of a material to withstand degradation or alteration when exposed to various agents. This characteristic is crucial in application